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Since the effects of overgrazing are shared by all the herders, the negative utility for any particular decision-maker is some fraction of -1.Īdding the component utilities, the rational herder concludes that the only sensible course is to add another animal to his or her herd- and another, and another. The negative component is a function of the overgrazing caused by an additional animal. More or less consciously, the individual asks, “What is the utility to me of adding one more animal to my herd?” Since the herder would receive all the proceeds from the sale of the additional animal, the positive component of this utility is nearly +1. At this point, the inherent logic of the commons remorselessly generates tragedy.Īs a rational being, each herder seeks to maximize personal gain. Finally, however, comes the day of reckoning–that is, the day on which the long-desired goal of social stability becomes a reality. Such an arrangement may work reasonably well for centuries because tribal wars, poaching, and disease keep the numbers of both human and beast far below the carrying capacity of the land.

It can be expected that each herder will try to keep as many cattle as possible on this commons. The rebuttal to the invisible hand theory could be called “the tragedy of the commons.” Picture a pasture open to all. citizens need to re-examine their individual freedoms to see which are defensible. policy of laissez-faire in many issues affecting business, the environment, and the family. If this assumption is correct, it justifies the continuance of the U.S. Adam Smith did not assert that this principle was invariably true, but it contributed to a tendency of thought that has since remained dominant, preventing action based on rational analysis: the assumption that decisions reached individually will collectively be the best decisions for society as a whole. The Wealth of Nations (1776) popularized “the invisible hand,” the idea that an individual who intends only personal gain is, as it were, led by an invisible hand to promote the public interest.

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